稻壳和麦麸对鲜玉米秸秆青贮品质的影响

为更好地利用稻壳和麦麸,本试验将2者与新鲜玉米（Zea mays L.）秸秆按不同比例混合青贮,发酵60天后测定其青贮品质和营养成分,以期筛选出混贮的最佳比例。结果表明,与鲜玉米秸秆单独青贮（对照）相比,麦麸和鲜玉米秸秆混合青贮的干物质、可溶性碳水化合物和粗蛋白含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,但丁酸含量超过1%,发酵品质较差;与对照相比,稻壳与鲜玉米秸秆混合青贮的粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物含量和氨态氮/总氮的值均显著下降（P<0.05）;稻壳、麦麸与鲜玉米秸秆混合青贮的发酵品质与对照相当,但干物质含量显著提高（P<0.05）,且M1F1（5%麦麸+10%稻壳+85%鲜玉米秸秆）处理的Kaiser法评分最高。因此,建议将麦麸、稻壳和鲜玉米秸秆按5∶10∶85的鲜重比混合青贮。     

Pharmacokinetics and dosage of chlorpromazine in goats

Pharmacokinetic parameters which describe the distribution and elimination of chlorpromazine in goats were determined. Following the intravenous administration of a single dose (2.5 mg/kg), disposition of the drug was described in terms of the biexponential expression C _p= Ae^-αt+ Be^-βt. Based on total (free and bound) chlorpromazine levels in plasma, pseudo-distribution equilibrium was rapidly attained, and the elimination half-life was 1.51 ± 0.48 h (mean ± SD, n = 8). Total body clearance, which is the sum of all clearance processes, was 80 ± 25 ml/min/kg. The curves of an animal representative of the group, based on individual rate constants associated with the two-compartment open model, showed that at 5 h after drug administration 8% and 6% of the dose were present in the peripheral and central compartments, respectively. The kinetic parameters of chlorpromazine determined at a dosage level of 10 mg/kg body weight in six goats showed that the drug followed first-order kinetics and kinetic parameters were similar after both dose levels. Based on these findings and therapeutic plasma levels, a satisfactory intravenous regimen should be 2.0 – 3.5 mg/kg and the drug action will persist for 5–6 h.     

Pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine in normal and febrile dogs

Pharmacokinetic parameters which describe the distribution and elimination of sulphadimidine were determined in normal dogs and dogs in which fever was produced by an intravenous injection of escherichia and staphylococcal species of bacteria. Sulphadimidine was injected as a single intravenous bolus at the dose of 100 mg/kg and the kinetics of the drug were described in terms of the bi-exponential expression: C_p = Ae ^{-α t} + Be ^{-β t} . The distribution half-times of the drug were 1.52 h in the normal and 0.81 h in the febrile dogs. The drug distribution was significantly more rapid ( P < 0.05) in febrile than in normal dogs. Average ± SD values for the half-lives of the drug were 16.2 ± 5.7 h in normal and 16.7 ± 4.7 h in the febrile dogs. The apparent volume of distribution ( V ' _d (area)) was 628 ± 251 ml/kg in the normal dogs, and was not statistically different from 495 ± 144 ml/kg in the febrile dogs. The volume of the central compartment ( V ' _c ) was 445 ± 55 ml/kg in normal dogs and this was significantly higher ( P < 0.01) than the V ' _c of 246 ± 72 ml/kg in the febrile dogs. The body clearance was 22.4 ± 4.8 and 20.2 ± 3.6 ml/hour. kg in the normal and febrile dogs, respectively. The investigation revealed that the dosage regimen of sulphadimidine did not differ significantly between normal and febrile dogs.     

EFFECT OF POTASSIUM NUTRITION ON SOLUTE ACCUMULATION,ION COMPOSITION AND YIELD OF MAIZE HYBRIDS GROWN UNDER SALINE CONDITIONS

An experiment was conducted to study the response of two maize hybrids to external potassium (K) application under saline conditions. The data showed that there was an increase in the organic solute contents and sodium ion under salinity stress, though potassium, calcium, nitrogen and phosphorus were decreased. There was a non-significant effect of K application on glycinebetaine and total soluble sugar, however; the proline, protein and total free amino acids were increased with the application of external K. The enzymatic activity like nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activity were severely reduced under salinity stress and improved by K application. The maize hybrids differed significantly for all the parameters discussed in the study except sugar, phosphorus and number of grain rows per cob. The increase in yield parameters was more pronounced under control than under saline conditions. The enhanced yield and yield components of these maize hybrids might be due to the quick response to external K application, resulting in high contents of leaf potassium, calcium, nitrogen and phosphorus. The results indicated that the maize hybrid ‘Pioneer32B33’ might perform better than ‘Dekalb979’ under saline conditions when sufficient potassium is applied in the rooting medium.     

Mammary and renal excretion of chlorpromazine in goats

In experiments on goats it was found that the binding of chlorpromazine (Cpz) to the proteins in plasma and milk ranged between 91–99 and 91–97 %, respectively, and was independent of the drug concentration in the samples. The in vitro binding of chlorpromazine in whole milk (96%) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the protein binding in skim milk (91%) because the drug was concentrated in the butterfat. The concentration of Cpz was always higher in the milk than in the corresponding plasma samples. The renal clearance of Cpz in goats with normal urine pH was very small (0.16 ml min^-1) due to the high degree of plasma protein binding and of back diffusion. The mechanisms involved during the renal excretion of Cpz in goats included glomerular filtration, probably active tubular secretion and pH dependent back diffusion.     

Mulberry leaf water extract inhibits bermudagrass and promotes wheat growth

Allelopathy has the potential to tackle the concerns associated with the indiscriminate use of synthetic herbicides. In search of a natural herbicide, the effects of mulberry (Morus alba) leaf water extracts on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated. Four concentrations of extract (25, 50, 75, and 100%) were compared with a control (distilled water). The results revealed that the pregermination application of 100% mulberry leaf water extract resulted in the complete inhibition of bermudagrass and wheat germination. However, postemergence, two foliar sprays suppressed only the growth of bermudagrass and promoted wheat growth. The effect of the mulberry leaf water extract was concentration dependent. It is evident that the postemergence application of mulberry leaf water extract has the scope for use as natural herbicide for the control of bermudagrass and to promote the growth and yield of wheat.     

Differential growth of the brown mussel,Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758), in longline and pole cultures in Dakhla Bay (SW Morocco,Atlantic Ocean)

There is a great interest in establishing mussel farming in Dakhla bay. Selection of suitable sites is more meaningful only if a reliable culture method at proposed site is included. We compared two different culture methods, longline and pole, over 1 year (June 2016 to June 2017). Growth indicators for Perna perna (size and weight growth rates, frequency distributions and estimating growth curves) were analysed from seeding to harvest. The results highlighted the influence of culture method on growth rates of mussels (p < 0.05). At harvest, individuals reared on longline presented higher growth rates and consequently reached greater weight and length values than those reared on pole. Mussels reared at the longline grew 73.2 mm and gained 53.5 g W_L (live weight) and 3.3 g W_t (tissue dry weight) after 12 months of cultivation. However, mussels cultured at the pole gained only 52.3 mm, 26.7 g W_L and 1.6 g W_t. Aerial exposure of mussels at low tides could explain this reduced performance on pole compared with longline. Size frequency distributions at harvest fitted bimodal distribution in both cultures due to an asymmetric competition among individuals. Effect of density started in both treatments after 7 months of culture when mussels reached 60–70 mm, implying an increment of their food and space requirements. To prevent overcrowding, the initial density should have been reduced through “thinning‐out.” The longline method exhibited high‐performance growth and hence is highly recommended for cultivation of P. perna in Dakhla bay.     

The circulation of unique reassortment strains of infectious bursal disease virus in Pakistan

Infectious bursal disease(IBD), caused by IBD virus(IBDV), is one of the most devastating and immunosuppressive diseases of the poultry and has been a constraint on the sustainable poultry production around the globe including Pakistan. While the disease is threatening the poultry industry, the nature of predominant strains of IBDV in Pakistan remained ill-defined. In this study, an epidemiology survey was conducted in the main chicken-farming regions of Pakistan. The batch of Pakistan IBDVs genes simultaneously covering both VP1 and VP2 were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. The unique segmentreassortant IBDVs(vv-A/Uniq-B), carrying segment A from vvIBDV and segment B from one unique ancestor, were identified as one important type of circulating strains in Pakistan. The data also discovered the characteristic molecular features of Pakistan IBDVs, which will contribute to scientific vaccine selection and effective prevention of the disease.     

籽瓜、黏籽和普通西瓜的果实代谢组比较

【目的】西瓜是一种广受欢迎的夏季水果,籽用西瓜（籽瓜）、黏籽西瓜和普通西瓜是3种重要的栽培类型,但对其果实中代谢物全面鉴定的研究很少,比较这3种西瓜果实的代谢组学差异,为明确驯化改良对不同类型西瓜代谢组的影响提供新见解。【方法】试验以5份籽用西瓜、5份黏籽西瓜和6份普通西瓜为材料,对成熟期果肉进行广泛靶向代谢组学检测,采用SIMCA-P、MetaboAnalyst 5.0、Origin等软件对代谢组数据进行分析。【结果】LC-MS分析共检测到323种代谢物,包括51种氨基酸及其衍生物、21种核苷酸及其衍生物、14种碳水化合物、32种有机酸、52种脂质、36种类黄酮、32种羟基肉桂酰衍生物等。PCA和聚类分析显示,籽用西瓜和黏籽西瓜的代谢组学轮廓差异较小,籽用西瓜的代谢组轮廓介于黏籽西瓜和普通西瓜之间。对分类贡献率较大的代谢物是蔗糖、柠檬酸、L-谷氨酸、L-苏氨酸、葫芦素类、香草酸糖苷异构体、脂质类等。聚类热图分析显示黏籽西瓜中特有的代谢物是葫芦素及其衍生物等,籽用西瓜中的绿原酸、LysoPE脂质类等化合物含量较高,普通西瓜中的糖类、精氨酸、阿魏酸及C18-2和C18-3不饱和脂肪酸等物质含量较高。比较分析共鉴定出156种差异代谢物,籽用西瓜与黏籽西瓜的主要差异代谢物有对香豆醛、阿魏酸、肉桂酸、蔗糖、葫芦素D O-葡萄糖苷、葫芦素E异构体、牡荆素、松柏醇等。籽用西瓜与普通西瓜的主要差异代谢物有脂质类、类黄酮类、有机酸类和糖类等。随着作物进化的程度增加,营养类代谢物质含量增加,抗性相关的代谢物质含量减少。【结论】籽用西瓜和黏籽西瓜的果实代谢组差异比籽用西瓜和普通西瓜的差异小,籽用西瓜的代谢轮廓介于黏籽西瓜和普通西瓜之间。除了表型和基因组差异外,代谢组差异也可以作为区分品种的重要依据。本研究首次在代谢组学水平比较了3种类型西瓜果实的差异,对深入理解西瓜种质资源,培育保健型西瓜新品种有重要的指导意义。     

基于Wolff-Kishner-黄鸣龙法合成红火蚁告警信息素及其触角电位反应

告警信息素是红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta Buren)中一类重要的信息素物质,具有引诱、趋避和聚集等多种活性,能够引起红火蚁强烈的行为反应。 本研究通过Wolff-kishner-黄鸣龙还原法一步合成红火蚁告警信息素,并经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)和标准品对其结构进行鉴定和分析。结果表明,化合物纯度达到90.2%;该合成方法合理、简便和高效,反应条件可控,无安全隐患,适合工业化生产和应用。触角电位(EAG)实验表明,合成告警信息素能够引起红火蚁工蚁强烈的行为反应,并在100 μg剂量下EAG反应显著高于标准品(P<0.05)。